22 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES

“probably permits the maintenance of a normal standard,
at least so far as the physical man is concerned.” The
economic and social effects of lower incomes were also
shown by him at that time to be as follows:

$400- $600- $800- $900- $1100
Annual Family Income $599 $799 $899 $1099 and over
Per Cent. of Families Underfed
 ..uvneiqursniiiiscivos 78 2 22
Per Cent. of Families Underclothed
 ......covvevenn... 88 >7 22
Per Cent. of Families Overcrowded
 ................ 068 58 53
Per Cent. of Families Underfed
 and Underclothed.... 68 15 10

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This conclusion of Doctor Chapin as to a minimum
annual family income of $900 being essential to a subsistence
 standard of living was corroborated by an inquiry
of the British Board of Trade into the cost of living in
American towns in 1909. Mrs. Louise B. More’s investigation
 in 1906, in New York City, also showed that “at
least $728 a year” was essential. A special committee of
the New York State Conference on Charities and Corrections
 reported in 1907 that on the basis of a conservative
estimate of basic needs “$825 is sufficient for an average
family of five individuals.” Professor J. C. Kennedy's
investigation in 1914 of the families of Chicago Stockyard
workers stated that the “necessary minimum expenditure
for each family of five would be $800” annually.
Doctor Chapin’s conclusions were also verified by the
reports during the same year of the New York Factory
Investigating Commission and the New York City Bureau
of Standards. About seven years later—in 1914—the
minimum budget for a textile worker’s family in Philadelphia
 was estimated at $1,071. In 1915 the Chicago
Street Railway Conductors and Motormen, in the course