30 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES 
family of husband, wife, and three children of school age, 
in San Francisco and Oakland. The amount she estimated 
at $1,476 per annum, with the statement that it covered 
“a minimum standard of wholesome living and not mere 
subsistence.” . . . “It would seem, then,” she declared, 
“that the present scale of wages is such that a family of 
man, wife and three children of school age cannot be main- 
tained without getting into debt or receiving aid on much 
less than $110 a month,” continuing: 
When the normal breadwinner is paid less than this sum, 
one of three things, any one of them harmful for the group 
and for the community, is likely to happen: 
1. Other members of the family will have to work to make 
out the income; or 
2. There will be less food than is necessary for the men 
to do efficient work. The risks of ill health to all members of 
the group and the consequent costs to the group and to the 
society are equally plain; or 
3. The group must go without many of the articles noted 
under Sundries and House Operations. The probabilities of 
stupidity, early breakdown, and dependency are evident, for 
the expression of the more subtle capacities, the capacity for 
foresight, for generosity, for sociability, depends on having 
some money for “Sundries.” One of the most important dif- 
ferences between social dependents, potential or actual, and 
self-supporting citizens is that social dependents are willing 
to go withont the money for “Sundries,” and capable men and 
women recognize the imperative need for the money that will 
buy those things the term covers. 
Tue PackinG-HousE AWARD 
These Pacific Coast conceptions of a minimum standard 
of living for the worker, based on health and comfort, 
were immediately reflected in other sections of the country. 
As a result of the unrest and dissatisfaction in the Slaugh-