28 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES 
necessary for the race to perpetuate itself. (b) Federal and 
State experts do not make out budgets for less than families 
of five; thus neither public nor expert opinion sanctions a 
smaller standard. (c) Standards of a warring and indus- 
trially competing nation would seem to demand three children 
as a minimum. (d) Unmarried men are less desirable than 
married men, individually and socially, physically and 
morally; and the economic barrier to marriage is recognized 
as an important one. (e) The family of five, while larger 
than the average in the company’s employ, may nevertheless 
be taken as the standard family of workmen receiving the 
maximum hourly rate, and the lower differentials worked 
out from this rate. 
Clothing and housing allowances were made on the basis 
of decency and modest comfort. A standard of proper 
nourishment of the family was developed through dietary 
studies on the assumption that about 12,000 calories per 
day were required, divided as follows: 
Man ......... 
Woman ......... 
Boy (13-14 years) ..coeeeeennnnn 
Girl (8-9 years) 
Boy (5-6 years). 
...3,400 
.2,700 
2,700 
2,000 
.1.500 
Io. 
Allowances in a modest way were made for amusements, 
recreation and health. The insurance and savings item 
was larger than actually occurred, because wages prior to 
the award of the Board were not sufficient to permit sav- 
ings or the taking out of insurance. The moderateness of 
these allowances by the Board, altho they aroused wide- 
spread comment and were unprecedented at the time of 
the award, may be seen from the following transcript of 
this section of the budget: