PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 29

Amusements (movies, vacations, picnics, etc.).......$ 30.00
Education and literature. ceee. 11.00
Insurance and savings. . cee. 130.00
Comforts (tobacco, candy, Christmas, etc.).... .. 30.00
Organizations ........ 20.00
Dental and medical care......... .. 60.00
Incidentals (stamps, barbers, stationery, etc.). ca. 25.00
Household (furniture, laundry, tools, etc.).. 40.00
Miscellaneous (exigencies and waste). 20.00

$366.00

The total cost of the budget accepted by the Board for
fixing wages as a standard of minimum comfort for one
year for a family of five was $1,505.60.1
In September, 1917, another Arbitration Board in Oakland,
 California, which had been appointed to adjust the
wages of the street railway employees of that city, asked
Professor M. E. Jaffa, of the College of Agriculture of
the University of California, to prepare a study relative
to recent increases in living costs. As reports had also
been requested from several other members of the faculty,
Professor Jaffa finally left the matter of total family
income to the economists and emphasized in his report the
purely nutritional aspects of food in relation to the earnings
 of workingmen’s families, the minimum requirements
of an average family before the danger line of undernour-.shment
 was reached, and the consequent effect of low
wages on health.?
For the same Board, Doctor Jessica B. Peixotto, of the
University of California faculty, prepared a detailed
budget of the minimum outlay required for a wage-earner’s
"1 “Standards of Silvey A Compilation of Budgetary Studies,” Bureau of
Applied Economics, Was ington, D. C., 1920, pp. 96-101.
2 Ibid——pp. 119-125.