PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 31 
tering and Meat Packing Industry in 1917, Judge Samuel 
Alschuler, of the United States Circuit Court, was ap- 
pointed Arbitrator and Administrator in the industry by 
President Wilson. When sitting as an arbitrator to adjust 
wages, the principle of a wage for the lowest-paid worker 
sufficient to support himself and family in health and mod- 
est comfort, was urged before and accepted by him as a 
guiding principle in making his award. 
SUBSISTENCE AND MINIMUM STANDARDS COMPARED 
The precedents thus established had a pronounced effect 
upon wartime and post-war wage adjustments, and were 
the basis, as we shall see later, of many significant con- 
‘roversies. The examples already cited, however, repre- 
sent the strictly pre-war developments. In order that these 
offsetting conceptions upon the “commodity,” or the so- 
called law of supply and demand theories of wages, may be 
quickly grasped, the subsistence and health-and-comfort 
standards, developed before the war, are shown below in 
chronological order. The differences in the costs of the 
various budgets show roughly the differences in the stand- 
ards which were put forward in this period: 
A. Subsistence Level Date 
i. Wage Earners’ Budgets in New 
York City, Louise B. More......1906 
Standard of Living in New York 
City, Doctor R. C. Chapin......1907 
Family Budgets in Chicago Stock 
Yards District, Professor J. C. 
Kennedy and others............1914 
Costs and Standards of Living in 
New York State, New York Fac- 
tory Investigating Commission. .1914 
Cost of Living of Unskilled Labor- 
er’s family, New York City, N. Y. 
Bureau of Personal Service.....1917 980.42 
Amount 
$ 836.25 
900.00 
733.62 
J.