Geographical Conditions of Manufacture 237
burgh in Pennsylvania, Birmingham in England, and Essen in Germany
are examples of great cities which owe much of their growth to the
fact that the presence of coal has favored the development of iron in-
dustries.
Waler power. In many industries water power serves the same pur-
pose as coal. The waterfalls of northern New York and New England
turn the wheels of wood-pulp and paper mills that furnish much of the
paper on which daily newspapers are printed. In the wheat region
of the United States, falls determine the location of wheat-milling
centers, as Minneapolis at St. Anthony’s Falls on the Mississippi River.
The falls along the lower course of the Merrimac River are one of the
chief reasons why cotton mills developed there in great numbers at an
early date.
More recently the water power of the piedmont belt at the foot of
the mountains in the Carolinas and Georgia, together with the presence
of abundant raw material, has brought about the location of many
cotton mills at such cities as Greensboro and Charlotte, in North Caro-
lina, and Columbia, in South Carolina (Fig. 12).
Advances in electrical engineering now make it possible for power
from rivers to be conveyed long distances in the form of electricity, as
in North Carolina, and at Niagara Falls. In the Pacific states several
Fig. 159. Mills on the Connecticut River, run by water power, with steam as auxiliary. Few
of the great mills in New England now depend wholly on water power. When the rivers run
low. if at no other time. steam is nsed: ntherwise the mills wonld be forced to shut down.