28 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES

necessary for the race to perpetuate itself. (b) Federal and
State experts do not make out budgets for less than families
of five; thus neither public nor expert opinion sanctions a
smaller standard. (c) Standards of a warring and industrially
 competing nation would seem to demand three children
as a minimum. (d) Unmarried men are less desirable than
married men, individually and socially, physically and
morally; and the economic barrier to marriage is recognized
as an important one. (e) The family of five, while larger
than the average in the company’s employ, may nevertheless
be taken as the standard family of workmen receiving the
maximum hourly rate, and the lower differentials worked
out from this rate.

Clothing and housing allowances were made on the basis
of decency and modest comfort. A standard of proper
nourishment of the family was developed through dietary
studies on the assumption that about 12,000 calories per
day were required, divided as follows:

Man .........
Woman .........
Boy (13-14 years) ..coeeeeennnnn
Girl (8-9 years)
Boy (5-6 years).

...3,400
.2,700
2,700
2,000
.1.500

Io.

Allowances in a modest way were made for amusements,
recreation and health. The insurance and savings item
was larger than actually occurred, because wages prior to
the award of the Board were not sufficient to permit savings
 or the taking out of insurance. The moderateness of
these allowances by the Board, altho they aroused widespread
 comment and were unprecedented at the time of
the award, may be seen from the following transcript of
this section of the budget: