212 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA 
given below. It will be remembered that an officer’s remuneration 
was usually fixed in cash. Sometimes the salary was paid by the 
treasury, but ordinarily it was adjusted by assignment of the 
Demand on a stated area. The Income actually received from 
an Assignment necessarily varied with the season and other 
causes; and did not necessarily agree with the Valuation, or 
estimate of Income, on the basis of which the Assignment had 
been allocated. 
8. Jama.—This word carries the general sense of “aggre- 
gation” or “total,” and occurs in the literature both in this 
meaning and also in at least three specialised senses. 
(a). In the Accounts department, it meant the receipt-side of 
a cash account. as contrasted with kharch, the expenditure- 
side. 
(3), (c). In revenue administration, it may mean either 
Demand or Valuation according to the context; and the failure 
of translators to recognise this ambiguity probably accounts 
for most of the difficulty experienced by students in under- 
standing the technical literature of the subject. 
(0) Demand. Khwafi Khan occasionally (e.g. i. 403, 714) 
wrote the full phrase, jama-i mal, or “aggregate of Demand,” 
and wherever this phrase occurs, the sense of Demand is clear. 
This writer, however, also used jama alone, and some earlier 
writers followed the same practice; in such cases, the context 
is the only guide to the meaning. In some official documents, 
all of them referring to local administration, the sense of Demand 
is clear. The most noteworthy case is Aurangzeb’s farman to 
Rashik Das, where jama is used consistently to denote the 
Demand on a peasant; and the same meaning is appropriate 
in Akbar’s rules for collectors and their clerks (Ain, i. 286-88), 
though in some of these passages the word need not mean moie 
than “total.” In the unofficial literature, the sense of Demand 
is exceedingly rare, and I have found no clear instance earlier 
than the eighteenth century; it is appropriate in one passage 
in Siqi (345), and it occurs in Khwalfi Khan (e.g. i. 583, ii. 782) 
alongside of the alternative sense. 
(c) Valuation. When used in connection with the head- 
quarters administration, jama refers uniformly to the Valuation 
for Assignment; and, according to the context, may denote 
either the figure at which a particular area was valued, or the 
record of Valuation of the Empire as a whole. Apparently the